This article explores the essential role of Maat in ancient Egyptian civilization as the cosmic force embodying Truth, Justice, Harmony, Balance, Order, Reciprocity, and Propriety. It traces Maat’s origins from the Old Kingdom, her personification as a goddess, and her influence over creation myths, governance, scribal training, and the legal system. The piece emphasizes her central role in the afterlife, particularly the Weighing of the Heart, judgment, and the ethical guidelines set by the 42 Negative Confessions. Through Maat, the Egyptians established a framework for personal morality and social justice that contributed to Egypt’s enduring legacy as a civilization built on cosmic and social balance.
Maat was the embodiment of seven principles that guided the entire land of Maat into true prosperity, which include Truth, Justice, Harmony, Balance, Order, Reciprocity, and Propriety. Maat, in the eyes of the ancient Egyptians, was seen as the unifying celestial force that merged all the man-made and natural elements in an unbreakable unity to bring paradise to life. It governed and controlled all aspects of the universe, stars, seasons, and the natural forces of the world, and also all aspects of the inner workings of the state, plus the common conduct of individuals.
Maat was the guiding entity that made Egypt heaven on earth, who was personified as a celestial goddess who stood as a symbol of righteous concepts that sought to create Utopia. She brought balance and harmony to both the earth and the heavens by regulating the seasons and the stars.
Her principles played a major role in determining the actions of the mortals and the great deities who were successful in bringing order from absolute chaos during the times of creation and beyond. Her purpose was to bring out the best of people, the ancient Egyptian deities, and the forces of nature to create a magical environment where every living creature is living the most ideal outcome.
Some of the oldest known ancient Egyptian records, like the pyramid texts that can be traced back to the Old Kingdom of Egypt (2700- 2200 BC), show “Maat” as the fundamental main principle which is controlling and governs both the natural world and society during this life and the afterlife. There is historical evidence from the time of Pharaoh Menes in 2925 B.C.E, just after the unification of upper and lower to form a united Kemet, which indicates the administration of the 42 Laws of Maat among the ancient Egyptian people.
This knowledge is derived from findings in pyramid texts, coffin texts, and some funerary papyrus dating back to this exact period, highlighting the important role of Maat's principles in the governance and cultural practices of the ancient land of Kemet.
The oldest substantial surviving proof of this incredible belief can be found in the Pyramid Texts of the burial chamber of Unas, which date between 2375 BCE and 2345 BCE. Her male counterpart in the realm of ancient Egyptian mythology was often the god of writings, knowledge, and scribbling, Thoth, because they shared some similar attributes. Thoth was also associated with Seshat, who was a female counterpart of Thoth who acted as a goddess associated with writing and measurement.
Maat's importance in the world of ancient Egyptian religion extended way beyond the concept of creation and the continuous maintenance & guidance of the cosmic order. Her primary role revolved around the "Weighing of the Heart," which happened in the Duat, the Egyptian underworld.
During this ritual, Maat's feather was used as a tool to determine whether the souls that reside in the heart of the deceased would be able to enter through the gates of heaven. Maat is also personified as the model for justice, truth, and harmony, which is represented by the feather itself.
Pharaohs were often painted with symbols associated with Maat to emphasize and strengthen their commitment to upholding the principles and righteousness laws of this great goddess. In the 18th Dynasty (1550 – 1295 BC), Maat came to be described as the daughter of Hathor and Ra, signifying that pharaohs ruled with her authority.
The great goddess Maat was the true personification of justice, harmony, and truth, who was depicted in ancient Egyptian art as a youthful, powerful, and beautiful woman. She is seen with wings gracing each arm or in a different variation as a woman with a majestic ostrich feather adorning her beautiful head. The mention and sight of the goddess Maat date back as early as the middle of the Old Kingdom between 2680 and 2190 BCE. The symbolism behind this emblem, “Feather,” remains a little bit mysterious and enigmatic, as the great god Shu, who is Maat's sibling, also sports this feather as seen in some carvings and walls.
Her ideological opposite was the godlike concept of Isfet (jzft), which is injustice, violence, chaos, and the will to do evil. Maat has a pivotal role in the ritual of the Weighing of the Heart, where the heart of the deceased is weighed against Maat's feather to determine the soul's fate in the afterlife. According to ancient Egyptian mythology, the sun-god Ra emerged from the great primordial mound at the time of creation when he established his daughter Maat instead of the chaos god (isfet).
Kings and Pharaohs were the true inheritors of this sacred duty, and they carried on their shoulders the responsibility of ensuring that the principles of Maat prevailed. The pharaohs, along with the sun god Ra, were believed to "live on Maat" as Akhenaten (1372 - 1355 BCE) particularly emphasized this concept to a massive degree, to the point where it was perceived as fanaticism and intolerance. Several kings fused Maat into their names as a form of a divine title, such as "Meri-Maat" (Beloved of Maat) or "Lords of Maat".
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Maat was the ultimate representation of the fundamental moral and ethical principle in ancient Egyptian society, which guided the conduct of all ancient Egyptians in their daily lives. It demanded behaviors marked by honor and truthfulness in all forms of dealing when it came to the family, community, the environment, the nation, and reverence for the gods.
The concept of Maat was born out of the necessity to navigate the many complexities of an emerging Egyptian state that united many diverse people with conflicting interests in order to create a united nation with one goal, which is to innovate and honor their beliefs. It soon evolved into the foundation of Egyptian law and the key to achieving absolute order and preventing any form of chaos. The king often referred to himself as the "Lord of Maat" and articulated the principles of Maat with his words, mind, and heart.
Over time, Maat's influence expanded exponentially to encompass every part of existence, from maintaining universal equilibrium and the interconnectedness of all things to the changing seasons, religious practices, celestial movements, and the fundamental virtues of honesty, good faith, and truthfulness in all forms of social interactions.
The ancient Egyptians deeply believed in the inherent grace and unity of the entire universe. They understood that cosmic harmony could be achieved through the most righteous ritual and public life, and any kind of disruption in this divine harmony would have many severe consequences, such as earthquakes or famine, which are caused by an impious king, or personal suffering like disability or blindness, which results from blasphemy.
Ancient Egyptian law emphasized principles such as maintaining tradition over pursuing change, the Significance of persuasive rhetoric, and the necessity of achieving impartiality and the ideal righteous actions. The principles of Maat encouraged the wealthy to assist the less fortunate, as reflected in tomb inscriptions about providing for the hungry, clothing the naked, supporting widows, and caring for orphans.
There is in existence a few surviving literature on ancient Egyptian law but it still show the concept of Maat has played a key role in the justice system as it was seen as the guiding spirit of justice which embodied the fundamental righteous values & ethics that enforced the application and enforce of truth, justice, and fairness which can been seen in the early days of Fifth Dynasty, the official caretaker for justice was known as the ancient Egyptian Priests of Maat, and judges in later ages even wore symbols of Maat.
Many great philosophers and scholars drew inspiration from the Sebayt, which is a popular native wisdom literature work. These magnificent spiritual texts offered the right means for practical guidance for resolving any kind of common social and professional situations that came in line with the spirit of Maat. They were highly case-specific, making it challenging to extract specific, universal rules from them.
During the Greek age in Egypt, Greek law coexisted with Ancient Egyptian law, which was famous for being the first in history to create laws made especially for the protection of women's rights by giving them the right to act entirely independently and own any kind of personal property. This influence eventually impacted the more restrictive customs of the Greeks and Romans. When the Romans invaded Egypt, they imposed their legal system, which was prevalent across every corner of the Roman Empire.
The ethical principles of Maat were the main reason for the formation of an elite group known as "sesh," which consisted of several skilled scribes, intellectuals, and bureaucrats during the times of ancient Egypt. These enlightened individuals served as civil servants who worked on promoting and upholding the moral values of Maat within society. The Scribes held prestigious and powerful positions and ranks in the ancient Egyptian community, which worked on transmitting ancient Egyptian politics, religion, and commercial facts.
Writing, like any sophisticated society, was a vital part of the lives of Egyptians, as they fulfilled several important functions, which included recording taxes and communicating during natural disasters by writing letters for anyone, whether illiterate or not. Scribes were also known to read texts in public, even if the sender couldn't write, as their role was to be a bridge between all the people of Egypt. This practice led to the use of third-person grammatical structures to present the official king's voice in all of the documents.
Keep in mind that the ancient Egyptian writing operated on a symbolic level deeper than simple narratives, which reflected the influence of religious concerns and the hierarchical structure of the ancient Egyptian society. Scribes made sure that the complaints of the poor were heard by the government to prevent any kind of excessive abuses of power. In ancient Egyptian society, there were scribal instructional texts that emphasized fair treatment and warned against abusing authority, thus highlighting the role of scribes in the judicial system.
The patron of scribes, Thoth, was the consort of Maat, and scribes were encouraged to follow Maat's precepts in both their personal lives and work. This kind of devotion led to the development of "Maat Literature," which showcased how to live under Maat's principles.
During the Middle Kingdom (2060 – 1069 BCE), scribal schools rose as a very important institution. While scribal practices existed before this period, there was no evidence of and formal form of schooling during the Old Kingdom (2700 – 2200 BCE). These scribal schools had a specific purpose, which was to transform many illiterate young individuals into literate sesh or scribes who could contribute to Egyptian bureaucracy and society, plus improve their entire livelihood. Literacy in ancient Egypt centered around the mastery of reading and writing, particularly for administrative purposes.
Students in these scribal schools were carefully selected based on their birthdates, who were mostly boys. Some privileged girls found their way into these schools, where they received the same instruction. Like the modern school, students could choose to reside on campus with their peers or stay with their families. The curriculum consisted of two types of writings: sacred writings made of moral and ethical values, and instructive writing that covered practical topics such as land measurement, arithmetic for tracking changes in rivers and land, taxation, commercial activities, and resource distribution.
Enrolling in scribal schools began at a young age, between 5 to 10 years old. It took four years to complete the elementary level. Students could be ungraded from an apprentice to a tutor, which marked an advanced stage in their scribal education. During the elementary level, the students received lessons from tutors in a group setting. Different teaching methods were employed, including reciting and chanting for reading, silent study for arithmetic, and copying classical texts and Miscellanies compositions to practice writing.
The process of learning how to write in scribal schools followed a specific sequence as the students would memorize a short passage by reciting it with their teachers, then proceed to copy paragraphs to enhance their writing skills, often on wooden tablets and ostraca. Once instructors deemed their progress satisfactory, students would be assigned to Middle Egyptian manuscripts, focusing on classical works and instructions.
Later stages of learning involved studying Middle texts, with an emphasis on vocabulary and grammar. In addition to writing, reading, and arithmetic, students in these schools also received training in other amazing skills. Male students engaged in physical exercises, while female students were instructed in dancing, singing, and playing musical instruments.
The goddess Maat has a special place in the world of ancient Egyptian mythology as she is the wife of Thoth, who was the god of writings and wisdom, who created a direct connection between Maat and Egyptian rhetoric. Maat embodies the natural harmony and sense of justice that humanity strives to achieve in every aspect of reality, which includes all movements across the lunar, solar, astral, and Nile River.
This concept of Maat was deeply connected to the judgment process, where the deceased are evaluated based on their actions and whether they lived a righteous life according to the principles of Maat. She was so respected that Ancient Egyptian kings and queens would offer small statues of her to the gods, signifying their commitment to maintaining universal order that brought balance to the cosmic, natural, divine, and human realms.
The ancient Egyptians defined rhetoric as the transference of thought and emotion through ancient Egyptian symbols and words in the hopes of influencing others. Maat was also believed to influence its audience to take righteous action for the greater good. Maat was also defined simply as the power of persuasion.
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Letter writing was a very important part of daily life for the ancient Egyptians, which served as a means of communication between all the superiors and the families. These letters were made by Scribes, who wrote on behalf of the ancient Egyptian Kings. The scribes used the principles of Maat to enhance the persuasiveness of these letters, which only shows the essential power of language for developing a strong community identity.
In letters, Maat was employed for persuasion and to swear allegiance to the Pharaoh. Simple citizens would evoke Maat to appease their superiors and achieve their desired outcomes, because any kind of open disagreement with any superior was considered to be highly inappropriate.
One of the famous Ancient Egyptian texts, such as "The Instructions of Ptahhotep," which used Maat to spread principles of pure benevolence and effective kingship. Also, the "Tale of The Eloquent Peasant" is able to showcase a great deal about the blessed nature of Maat.
There are a number of Temples that were dedicated to Maat that were made during the New Kingdom era. Amenhotep III commissioned one at Karnak, while textual evidence suggests others were found in the golden capital of Memphis and Deir el-Medina. These temples even served as meeting places for courts during investigations into royal tomb robberies during the reign of Ramesses IX.
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In the Underworld, the fate of the ancient Egyptian was decided by weighing the heart against the Feather of Maat, which was a symbol for the concept and principles of Maat. This process took place in the hall of Two Truths. The heart, which was put on the scale which held part of the soul known as IB & KA. If the heart were heavier than the heart, then the person’s heart would be devoured by Ammit, then the person's world would spend his life wandering in Duat.
On the other hand, if the heart were found equal to or lighter than the feather of Maat, then the person would enter the field of Reeds or Aaru, where the person would greet Osiris as the ruler of the Underworld and the Guardian of the gates of Aaru. Most of what we know about the weighing of the heart is from the Book of the Dead, which showcases everything that revolves around this judgment process.
One of the images shows Anubis bringing the soul to Osiris to perform the weighing. When the heart was weighed, the deceased would recite the 42 Negative Confessions as the Assessors of Maat, which were mentioned in the Papyrus of Ani in its chapter 125.
Ancient Egyptians practiced funerary traditions that involved covering the tombs and coffins of the deceased with texts to ensure a smooth journey through the afterlife. The most well-known of these texts is the Golden Book of the Dead, which holds the Papyrus of Ani, also known as “Book of Coming Forth by Day” And the holder of "Forty-Two Declarations of Purity."
These declarations were not standardized but customized for each individual, as each one had a unique life, but all shared the same purpose of pleasing the goddess of harmony and justice, Maat, by simply following her principles. They held words of absolution to prevent any wrongdoings or mistakes which was made in their life. These powerful texts held the power of nullifying any misdeeds from the afterlife record book of the deceased person.
The concept of Maat and all of its variations is clear in these declarations, as seen in the 42 Negative Confessions found in the Papyrus of Ani, which was translated by E. A. Wallis Budge, as follows:
There are also modern interpretations of the confessions known as the 42 positive Ideals of Ma’at, which are:
The Papyrus of Nebseni mentions the assessors of Maat, who are 42 minor deities whom the deceased make the chosen negative confession, which was seen in the Papyrus of Ani. The Assessors represented 12 united nomes of Egypt. They got their power and reverence from Maat and were given offerings. The deceased mentioned each assessor by their name and mentioned their Nome in order to confirm the undying settings of the unity of the nomes of Egypt.
The principles have brought absolute harmony and justice to the blessed society of Egypt, which helped the country elevate into an immortal civilization and a beacon of hope and glory that can be seen and heard from the most distant points in existence. Make every moment worthy of remembering by booking one of our harmonious Egypt vacation packages and Nile river cruises that will create a majestic travel experience showcasing the legendary heritage of Egypt.
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The entire country of Egypt deserve to be explored with its every heavenly detail but there are places that must be seen before any other such as the breathtaking Hurghada's red sea, The wonders of Cairo the pyramids of Giza, the great sphinx, the Egyptian Museum, Khan El Khalili Bazaar, the wonders of Luxor like Valley of the Kings, Karnak & Hatshepsut temple and the wonders of Aswan such as Abu Simbel temples, Philea temple, Unfinished obelisk and The Wonders of Alexandria like Qaitbat Citadel, Pompey's Pillar and Alexandria Library. Read more about the best places to visit in Egypt.
If you want to apply for a Visa On Arrival that lasts for 30 days then you should be one of the eligible countries, have a valid passport with at least 6 months remaining and pay 25$ USD in cash, as for the E-Visa for 30 day you should have a valid passport for at least 8 months, complete the online application, pay the e-visa fee then print the e-visa to later be presented to the airport border guard. You could also be one of the lucky ones who can obtain a free visa for 90 days. Read more about Egypt travel visa.
Egypt has a variety of delicious cuisines but we recommend “Ful & Ta’meya (Fava Beans and Falafel)”, Mulukhiya, “Koshary”, a traditional Egyptian pasta dish, and Kebab & Kofta, the Egyptian traditional meat dish.
The best time to travel to Egypt is during the winter from September to April as the climate becomes a little tropical accompanied by a magical atmosphere of warm weather with a winter breeze. You will be notified in the week of your trip if the Climate is unsafe and if any changes have been made.
You should pack everything you could ever need in a small bag so you could move easily between your destinations.
We have been creating the finest vacations for more than 20 years around the most majestic destinations in Egypt. Our staff consists of the best operators, guides and drivers who dedicate all of their time & effort to make you have the perfect vacation. All of our tours are customized by Travel, Financial & Time consultants to fit your every possible need during your vacation. It doesn't go without saying that your safety and comfort are our main priority and all of our resources will be directed to provide the finest atmosphere until you return home.
You will feel safe in Egypt as the current atmosphere of the country is quite peaceful after the government took powerful measures like restructuring the entire tourist police to include all the important and tourist attractions in Egypt. Read more about is it safe to travel to Egypt.
Wear whatever feels right and comfortable. It is advised to wear something light and comfortable footwear like a closed-toe shoe to sustain the terrain of Egypt. Put on sun block during your time in Egypt in the summer to protect yourself from the sun.
The best activity is by far boarding a Nile Cruise between Luxor and Aswan or Vise Versa. Witness the beauty of Egypt from a hot balloon or a plane and try all the delicious Egyptian cuisines and drinks plus shopping in old Cairo. Explore the allure and wonders of the red sea in the magical city resorts of Egypt like Hurghada and many more by diving and snorkeling in the marine life or Hurghada. Behold the mesmerizing western desert by a safari trip under the heavenly Egyptian skies.
There are a lot of public holidays in Egypt too many to count either religious or nation, the most important festivals are the holy month of Ramadan which ends with Eid Al Fitr, Christmas and new years eve. Read more about festivals & publich holidays in Egypt.
Egypt is considered to be one of the most liberal Islamic countries but it has become a little bit conservative in the last couple of decades so it is advised to avoid showing your chest, shoulders or legs below the knees.
Arabic is the official language and Most Egyptians, who live in the cities, speak or understand English or at least some English words or phrases. Fewer Egyptians can speak French, Italian, Spanish, and German. Professional tour guides, who work in the tourism sector, are equipped to handle visitors who cannot speak Arabic and they will speak enough English and other languages to fulfill the needs of all our clients.
The fastest way is a car, of course, a taxi. If you are in Cairo ride a white taxi to move faster or you could board the fastest way of transportation in Egypt metro if the roads are in rush hour.
The temperature in Egypt ranges from 37c to 14 c. Summer in Egypt is somehow hot but sometimes it becomes cold at night and winter is cool and mild. The average of low temperatures vary from 9.5 °C in the wintertime to 23 °C in the summertime and the average high temperatures vary from 17 °C in the wintertime to 32 °C in the summertime. The temperature is moderate all along the coasts.
It is the home of everything a traveler might be looking for from amazing historical sites dating to more than 4000 years to enchanting city resorts & beaches. You will live the vacation you deserve as Egypt has everything you could possibly imagine.
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